There are no facts, only interpretations. -- Friedrich Nietzsche
Ideas and thoughts are the only things that can be directly experienced. All you know about the world consists of memories of experiences.
It's very much the same as being unsure if you're dreaming. How do you know you're not asleep?
It's a monistic view (As opposed to dualistic) and the oposite of materialism (also monistic).
Historical note
Idealism is an ontological conception that originates from Plato, because he was the first to give the word idea a metaphysical meaning. Neoplatonism (cf. Plotinus) is also idealistic since the neoplatonistic One was conceived as a spirit of the other side. The philosophy of Christianity is also a type of idealism since Christian God is spiritual and it is conceived as a double causality (causa efficiens and causa finalis).
There are three basic forms of idealism in the history of philosophy:
so my first morning rainfall was millions of diamonds crystals clear as happiness singing nonchalantly as they twirled to embrace the silvery expectant air
so imagine my black anger when i reached out to capture these precious pearls of perfection and they dissolved they vanished in my bewildered hand
well i know now that diamonds drop to dust and sunrise falls to dreary day and some promises vanish like tears into a lake
... but i wonder why i still will always love rain
Idealism reached its vogue after World War I, when thinkers like Woodrow Wilson argued that the Great War should be a "war to end all wars." The League of Nations, with its collective security provisions, was one of the main outputs of this time, and its ultimate failure to stop the rise of the Third Reich and Japanese Empire led to idealism losing its charm in the 1930's.
Idealism was more or less dead well through the Cold War, and only came back into serious discourse after the fall of the USSR, when ethnic cleansing and famine in many parts of the world made some theorists lose their belief in global themonuclear war as a passable way to settle disputes.
Today, realists believe that a state should keep itself isolated from conflicts in which its national interests are not directly threatened. Idealists, on the other hand, believe that the defense of human rights is the responsibility of all states. The modern United Nations is a good example of idealism in action: the United States of America has swayed toward idealistic action at times, but is primarily a realist actor.
I*de"al*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. idéalisme.]
1.
The quality or state of being ideal.
2.
Conception of the ideal; imagery.
3. (Philos.)
The system or theory that denies the existence of material bodies, and teaches that we have no rational grounds to believe in the reality of anything but ideas and their relations.
© Webster 1913
I*de"al*ism, n.
The practice or habit of giving or attributing ideal form or character to things; treatment of things in art or literature according to ideal standards or patterns; -- opposed to realism.
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