Sumerian

By about 2000 (approximate), it had probably already become a dead language, but was used continually in Babylon and Assyria as a literary and official language; there seems to be evidence that scribal education was conducted in Sumerian (quite naturally, considering the cuneiform script was only adapted for the Akkadian language). Comparisons are often made with the development of Medieval Latin. Features of Sumerian include:

• It is an agglutinative language; that is, verbal roots are immutable, and inflection occurs through the addition of suffixes and prefixes. Thus, sentences are divided into verbal clusters: e-dumu-lugal-la-ka, the house of the son of the king, all connected.
• It is an ergative language, though early mixture with Akkadian makes it only partly so. This means that the subject of a transitive verb is inflected, whereas the absolute case (without an ending, or a 0-ending) serves as the verbal object or the subject of an nominal or intransitive sentence. Thus, lugal-e e mu-n-du, The king built a house, where the king, lugal, takes the ending.
• It is an aspectual language. There is no true verbal tense (past or present), though translating it like that is often more convenient for English. Rather, it concentrates on duration; the perfective aspect refers to a single, momentary action: 'I slaughtered the Canaanites'. The imperfective refers to continued action: 'I kept on slaughtering the Canaanites' or 'I am slaughtering the Canaanites'.
• There is no distinction for gender (though there may be a lexical difference, i.e., two different words for a male or female sheep), but rather between animate and inanimate.

The Sumerians made the first ancient civilization. They lived in Mesopotamia in the area known as the "Fertile Crescent" which exists between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

One of the things that they are best known for is that they were the first literate society. At first, they communicated via simple pictures, but by 2000 BC, they had developed a completely phonetic language. (Editor's note, 12 November 2002: read "writing system" instead of "language" in that sentence. All spoken languages are phonetic. -fab)

The Sumerians were also the first culture to use widespread irrigation techniques. Since they lived in what is now Iraq, rain was scarce, and they had to invent other methods of sustaining their agriculture.

Their religion was polytheistic and centered around many gods who had human qualities. In fact, according to their creation myth, the lower class of gods was stuck doing the drudge work. The gods became lazy, and created humans out of clay to do the work for them. This myth also explains the importance of clay to their society. They used clay to make pottery, tablets for writing, as well as bricks for their houses.

Socially, they had a hierarchy similar to that of the caste system in India. The highest-ranking citizens were the priests who were believed to be in direct communication with the gods.

Their impact is still felt today, as they invented the wheel, astrology, and they had a very advanced mathematical system. They wrote lots of poetry and literature which has been preserved on clay tablets. Even after the Babylonians conquered them, their culture was adopted by the Babylonians.

Su*me"ri*an (?), a. [Written also Sumirian.]

Of or pertaining to the region of lower Babylonia, which was anciently called Sumer, or its inhabitants or their language.

© Webster 1913

Su*me"ri*an, n. [Written also Sumirian.]

A native of lower Babylonia, anciently called Sumer.

© Webster 1913